The Corruption Of White Collared Crime - 2280 Words

In this day and age, a corporation, family, or individual always has a potential risk of encountering fraud within their money supply. On average, fraud and abuse costs U.S. organizations more than $400 billion annually (Federal Bureau Investigation, 2010). Many may think that white collared crime is only money laundering or stealing, but that is only two out of the sum that countless culprits get away with. The term â€Å"white-collar crime,† originally coined in 1939 is synonymous with the full range of frauds committed by business and government professionals (Federal Bureau Investigation, 2010). These frauds include anything from bankruptcy fraud, money laundering, identity theft, corporate fraud to a wide number of threats all circling†¦show more content†¦These crooks are the possible cause of ruining the reputation of the most trusted and appreciated professionals of our society – physicians. Healthcare fraud can be committed in a variety of ways, but th ree of the most widely used are described below. The first and most widely known, is billing services that were never endured by using general patient information. When giving personal information out, many hand it over to the front desk assistant at the local doctor. These appear to be people are some of the most known to scam the information and bill patient’s payments that never took place. Keep in mind that when handing over information, the handler is a trusted individual with a good reputation. On the other hand, many are scammed for the opposite; otherwise known as â€Å"upcoding,† where patients are billed more expensive services that were actually done. In fact, according to USA.gov a new study showed that 7 percent of identity fraud victims this year reported identity thieves stole their health insurance information, rising up from just 3 percent last year (Federal Bureau Investigation, 2010). This includes the latest scam, called â€Å"unbundling,† wh ere scammers con bills and bill each step of a procedure as if it were a separate making the individual pay even more money, leaving devastating effects for the victim. All of which have a common goal of making taxpayers, insurance companies, and

How Media Influences Women Essay example - 1074 Words

We, the American public are hit from every imaginable direction every waking moment of our lives by slick advertising agencies trying to coerce us into or tell us why we need to buy their products. Their products will make us happier or thinner, or prettier. The advertisers often use the picture of youth and vitality so that the public will associate that particular product or service with being young and beautiful. They do this because of course in our society youth and beauty are to be coveted. Everyone would like to be forever young and beautiful or for as long as they can anyway. So, everyone is trying to look younger or wants to look younger. The things that we can associate with youth are obvious. We see the picture of youth and†¦show more content†¦Twenty years ago, the average fashion model weighed only eight percent less. Only five percent of all women are born with the ideal fashion model body, which of course leaves the other ninety-five percent inundated with ima ges of only the five- percent ideal type body. Advertising uses a lot of different techniques to show the public the perfect female image. Body doubles and computer retouching are two examples of how advertisers are able to â€Å"doctor† images. The majority of women we see in magazines, music videos. and movies do not appear in reality, as we perceive them in the media. We may actually believe we are looking at one woman’s body when we are actually looking at sections of three or four women’s bodies, which, when spliced together, shows us the best parts of each women’s body as the final product. Women cannot attain these impossible standards of attractiveness. Young girls learn very quickly that they must spend much time, energy, and money on achieving these standards. What happens often times trying to achieve these impossible standards is to control appetite at all times and willpower become essential, the body in affect becomes the enemy. Eating disorders have become a trend among woman and girls as they become increasingly conditioned to lose weight (be in control). Anorexia nervosa and its associated syndrome, bulimia is an extremely dangerous problem that is becoming more widespread. The chief symptoms are self-induced starvation and/or binge eatingShow MoreRelatedHow Social Media Influence The Purchasing Decisions Of United States Women Travelers3053 Words   |  13 PagesAppendix 14 Action Plan 14 â€Æ' Research Title The title of this research is â€Å"How does social media influence the purchasing decisions of United States women travelers to purchase British travel products. Main Aim and Objectives of Research Study The main aim of this research study is to develop the understanding related to the influence of the social networking sites on the purchasing decisions of United States women travelers regarding British travel products. The main objectives of this researchRead MoreSocial Media Allows People To Share Pictures And Ideas1057 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media allows people to share pictures and ideas with others across the world. Women and girls can use social media to earn approval for their appearance and compare themselves to others. Women during this time period that are so heavily impacted by the media can link their self-worth to their looks. I used scholarly articles all relating to how social media affects body image to decide what my view point was. After research, we can conclude that social media has a negative effect on a woman’sRead More The Media Has a Grasp on Younger Generations811 Words   |  4 Pages Media can influence every home in America. Not only is it capable of influence through television, but it can influence through magazines, newspapers, word of mouth, even clothing! The qualities of a person media tends to influence most, is their self-esteem and personality. Women are especially seen as being influenced, but men are in the bunch as well, although less published. Children are being brought into the influence as well at younger ages each generation. With more media influence inRead More Enjoyment of Being a Girl: Overcoming Industry Standards Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesthat you felt depressed? Many women in today’s world experience these same feelings each time they come in contact with some type of media. The media has always used women as a way to sell products or used them as propaganda, but how far is too far? The media is a large source of entertainment for women of today. Women spend the majority of their time looking at magazines for latest fashions or trends. These media sources all share one subject: negative images of women. These places all share one thing;Read MoreThe Media Presents Negative Role Models Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesThe media has a strong influence on society, both negatively and positively. So when children as young as 6 are being influenced by celebrities such as Paris Hilton, Lindsay Lohan, and Britney Spears; we as a society have lost site in what it is to be a positive influence. Kathleen Deveny and Raina Kelly raised awareness in their article â€Å"Girls Gone Bad?† which depicts the bad behavior and influences set by celebrities such as Hilton, Lohan, and Spears have any long term affects on young women. AreRead MoreGender Labeling And Gender Stereotypes1551 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristics of how a certain people; those in control of the broadcast- view gender roles and how they want society to view them also. Stereotyping is prevalent in popular television shows, music videos, the wo rkforce and various other advertisement billboards in the U.S. It is difficult to oppose the stereotypical behavior that is displayed in the media that supposedly mirrors the actual behaviors of the different genders due to the overflowing, constant reminder of what each gender looks like and how eachRead MoreInfluence Of Mass Media Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesHow big of a role does mass media play on societies everyday lives? Communities often conform to one another and follow in the path of their peers. Media affects this by revealing new trends and showing a better way to perform at certain tasks. From the way consumers shop to the new style or fad going around media affects it all. Mass media especially affects the youth and teen because, their minds are much more vulnerable to what the see on TV, social media, and magazine. Media will even degradeRead MoreThe Medias Influence on Adolescent Women1392 Words   |  6 PagesEvery day adolescent women are being influenced and a ffected by the media. The media includes anything from magazines, television shows, billboards, radio advertisements, commercials, newspapers and more. Through the media, women are being exposed to all forms of advertisements, including images that display misleading figures of women. These advertisements do not feature women with large hips, wide shoulders, lengthy arms or fuller figures. Instead, the women found on the front pages of magazinesRead MoreMedia Influence On Women s Body Image1688 Words   |  7 Pages especially through media. â€Å"Americans spend about 68 hours per week exposed to various forms of media† (US Census Bureau 2009). This media exposure through outlets such as t.v., radio, music videos, movies, and the internet, all influence the way people think about gender. The media influence is very evident in the way people view women and think about women in different cultures. Media influence on women creates negative viewpoints with how women view them selves and even how men view themselvesRead MoreThe Relationship Between Media Consumption And Eating Disorders1529 Words   |  7 Pagesyou ever curious about what factors might influence educated women to have an eating disorder? As a female, I’ve always wondered if eating disorders that I have seen affect women are linked to the ideas that the media puts out for women to consume. Advertisements, television shows and magazines are all categorized as media. Female college students are exposed to media on a day to day basis, and would have to live off the grid to get away from its influence. When researching for my answer I was able

A 550-Mile Journey free essay sample

Standing on the cliffs at the end of the world, the sun glittering off beads of freezing ocean spray, I will end one journey and begin another. The Spanish coastal city of Finisterre is called the end of the world because of the vast expanse of sea that stretches out from its rocky shore. Finisterre, the end of the world and the final destination on my Camino de Santiago. The Camino is an ancient pilgrimage from the border of France to the Coast of Spain which I learned about in my Spanish class sophomore year. Studying the Camino planted a spark in my heart that has only grown with time. Each passing day brings me closer to the commencement of the 550-mile journey I will one day complete. Nothing would be more fulfilling than kneeling at the steps of the great Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. Kneeling in awe on the stone worn smooth from the pauses of countless generations of pilgrims, and looking up in amazement at its towering grace. We will write a custom essay sample on A 550-Mile Journey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The satisfaction that would come from knowing I had reached the end of the Camino would be overwhelming. Despite the imagined gravity of this moment, it is not the ending of the journey that I am interested in. The Camino is famous for its transformative abilities and spiritual significance. I want to meet strangers and fall in love with them, to fall in love with the beauty of mankind that is so often tainted by our fears of reaching out. The pilgrims that walk the Camino have a unique bond that brings them together from all walks of life, all corners of the Earth. I want to walk the Camino to learn other people’s stories and to build unforgettable relationships with individuals I may never see again. I will not walk the Camino to restore my faith in God, but to grow in my faith in the universe, in humans and our power to change each other’s lives. I want to begin the Camino in St. Jean Pied de Port, France, with a tingling in my fingers and toes, with butterflies in my stomach and a smile on my face. I want to walk with a stone in my hand that I will place beneath the massive cross at Cruz de Ferro, along with the thousands of others that have been set there before mine. Standing on the small mountain of stone hinged wishes, I’ll be remembering a teacher who changed my life. My 7th grade Geography teacher, who encouraged my love of adventure and opened my eyes to the world. Knowing that I’ll have met my goals and made him proud, I will walk away with a much lighter heart and a more open mind as I continue my journey. I want to hike the great Camino de Santiago to feel the rush of rebirth and new beginnings. For once in my life, I want to be one of the Chris McCandless’ of the world – bold and determined to change my life. On my Camino, I will not be afraid of stepping out into the world and letting go of my worries. I will dust off my anxieties and follow my passion without hesitation. I want to finish and feel transformed by my journey. Someday, I will be standing in an airport with a ticket in my hand, boarding a plane to Europe. Someday, I will feel the cold mist of the ocean at Finesterre, the satisfaction of kneeling at Santiago de Compostela, and the stones at Cruz de Ferro shifting beneath my boots. The pins and needles in my feet at St. Jean Pied de Port will remind me of my anticipation of a new life, and I will begin my 550-mile journey with a single step.

Purpose of the Product Essay Example

Purpose of the Product Essay Shearer 1 didnt sell very well, but Paul Porter claimed this wasnt the purpose of that particular product. What was the purpose of the product? It was meant to get the community to recognize that Kodak really knows what Its doing when It comes to digital technology. Kodak pays close attention to the market place and what Is happening wealth social trends. They research consumer needs, technology needs and business needs through a series of social Interactions with consumers. This may include designers and business research personnel going out to the public to do interviewing with consumers or developing focus group programs or ethnographic research to identify what those consumer needs are. Through this information of fine details, the designers begin to develop relative design solutions to exactly what the consumer said along with trouble shooting or hypothetically guessing as to where the trend of product designs will lead, thus making technology needs more applicable within short time frames and structuring new ideas that perhaps the consumer hadnt thought of yet. This in turn supplies the needs of the market irately because It provides a cutting edge on the marketable technology and It always puts Kodak one step ahead of the competition. By Identifying consumer wants and needs, Kodak Is able to show the community exactly what was stated In beginning; that they know what thieve doing when It comes to digital technology because they have built a business strategy to do so. Thats the real purpose of this product. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Purpose of the Product specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Purpose of the Product specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Purpose of the Product specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What kind of new product was Shearer 1? The Shearer 1 was a new novelty/innovative product (digital camera) designed to test the strengths and weakness of the technological market, to see what consumers anted in a digital camera and what they didnt. It was a simple compact, point and shoot camera that held a 10 mega pixel, optical zoom lens. The camera actually has the option of a dual lens: a zoom lens in a very small package, and the other was a wide angle lens for wide photography. It is also Wi-If capable for uploading photos to mainstream over the Internet. It takes solid Images, especially outdoors, with Its excellent 3-lunch touch-screen LCD navigational display In the back of the camera that offers 16 scene modes for digital Imaging. It can store up to 1,500 Images and had a NUMB of internal memory support. But the whole hype about the camera was centered on Wi-If capability, but to Kodak, this was just an experimental process to see where this kind of technology would lead. The digital dynamics was another test factor, to see if consumers would be kept engaged to the product and its unique detailing, like moving or transparent imagery. What the main focus for Kodak would be is to get the right product out to the right consumer, and such a diversity of consumers always demands a diversity of products for those consumers. . Discuss the product development process at Kodak. Since it Is critical to constantly update and upgrade your product in the market place, the product development process Is a highly competitive process at Kodak. The first agenda would be focused around design and usability because of the fact that It Is a powerful marketing tool. Industrial designers are designated to make the product look good or appealing and consumer friendly so as to catch the attention of the workflow simple on their device that they are designing. Because they simplify the genealogical aspects of the product, this promotes the concept that Kodak products are easier to use above any other competition. Then the user interaction designer works specifically with internal electronic design, thus they make the product more exciting. The next and final step would fall into the graphic designers hands. They are predominately responsible for doing graphics or pictures for packaging; again, an attempt to catch the consumers attention by looking upon a box or display. Then the product goes out to market and data analyzing is conducted monthly to view revenue for their new product.

Free Essays on Reasons For College

A college education and degree can open up many doors in a person’s life and career choices. In a person’s life there are many important factors, a college degree is one of them. There are many reasons why a person should attend college. College is a big learning experience for a person. A college degree can help you prepare for a particular area of work and path you will like to choose. Since college degrees are needed in most areas of work without a college degree it’s most likely a person would not be able to pursue a career in that area they are interested in. Most jobs look to see if you have a college career first. College can help expand a person’s knowledge in different areas which may be needed later on in life. Also People that have obtained a college degree are more likely to be employed and receive higher pay than a person without a college degree. College can help a person learn about their strengths, weaknesses and things that interest them in the field of careers and jobs. College can help someone can help someone learn about certain talents they might have not knew they had. It can also show a person what â€Å"the real world† may be like, and a person may have to go through. It can help a person become mature and take on bigger responsibilities in the near future. Another reason for attending college may be to be a role model and to influence family members and friends. If a person has certain goals they would like to achieve in life, college may help them achieve them. College teaches a person how to be ready for life and work. Also by completing college and earning a degree it can give a person pride feeling they have accomplished such a big task. College can also be considered fun for a person. With college people can meet new, different people, and make new friends. A person will have to do a lot of socializing... Free Essays on Reasons For College Free Essays on Reasons For College A college education and degree can open up many doors in a person’s life and career choices. In a person’s life there are many important factors, a college degree is one of them. There are many reasons why a person should attend college. College is a big learning experience for a person. A college degree can help you prepare for a particular area of work and path you will like to choose. Since college degrees are needed in most areas of work without a college degree it’s most likely a person would not be able to pursue a career in that area they are interested in. Most jobs look to see if you have a college career first. College can help expand a person’s knowledge in different areas which may be needed later on in life. Also People that have obtained a college degree are more likely to be employed and receive higher pay than a person without a college degree. College can help a person learn about their strengths, weaknesses and things that interest them in the field of careers and jobs. College can help someone can help someone learn about certain talents they might have not knew they had. It can also show a person what â€Å"the real world† may be like, and a person may have to go through. It can help a person become mature and take on bigger responsibilities in the near future. Another reason for attending college may be to be a role model and to influence family members and friends. If a person has certain goals they would like to achieve in life, college may help them achieve them. College teaches a person how to be ready for life and work. Also by completing college and earning a degree it can give a person pride feeling they have accomplished such a big task. College can also be considered fun for a person. With college people can meet new, different people, and make new friends. A person will have to do a lot of socializing...

Biography of Louis Pasteur, Health Sciences Pioneer

Biography of Louis Pasteur, Health Sciences Pioneer Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822–September 28, 1895) was a French biologist and chemist whose breakthrough discoveries into the causes and prevention of disease ushered in the modern era of medicine. Fast Facts: Louis Pasteur Known For: Discovered pasteurization, studies of anthrax, rabies, improved medical techniquesBorn: December 27, 1822 in Dole, FranceParents: Jean-Joseph Pasteur and Jeanne-Etiennette RoquiDied: September 28, 1895 in Paris, FranceEducation: Collà ¨ge Royal at Besancon (BA, 1842; BSc 1842), Ecole Normale Supà ©rieure (MSc, 1845; Ph.D. 1847)Spouse: Marie Laurent (1826–1910, m. May 29, 1849)Children: Jeanne (1850–1859), Jean Baptiste (1851–1908), Cà ©cile (1853–1866), Marie Louise (1858–1934),  Camille (1863–1865) Early Life Louis Pasteur was born December 27, 1822 in Dole, France, into a Catholic family. He was the third child and only son of  poorly educated tanner Jean-Joseph Pasteur and his wife Jeanne-Etiennette Roqui. He attended primary school when he was 9 years old, and at that time he didnt show any particular interest in the sciences. He was, however, quite a good artist. In 1839, he was accepted to the  Collà ¨ge Royal at Besancon, from which he graduated with both a BA and a BSc in 1842 with honors in physics, mathematics, Latin, and drawing, gaining. He later attended the prestigious Ecole Normale Supà ©rieure  to study physics and chemistry, specializing in crystals, and obtaining the French equivalents of an MSc (1845) and a Ph.D. (1847). He served briefly as a professor of physics at the Lycee in Dijon, and later became a professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg. Marriage and Family It was at the University of Strasbourg that Pasteur met Marie Laurent, the daughter of the universitys rector; she would become Louis secretary and writing assistant. The couple married on  May 29, 1849,  and had  five children: Jeanne (1850–1859), Jean Baptiste (1851–1908), Cà ©cile (1853–1866), Marie Louise (1858–1934), and Camille (1863–1865). Only two of his children survived to  adulthood: the other three  died of typhoid fever, perhaps leading to Pasteurs drive to save people from disease.   Accomplishments Over the course of his career, Pasteur conducted research that ushered in the modern era of medicine and science. Thanks to his discoveries, people could now live  longer and healthier lives. His early work  with the wine growers of France, in which he developed a way to pasteurize and kill germs as part of the fermentation process, meant that all kinds of liquids could now be safely brought to market- wine, milk, and even beer. He was even granted U.S. patent 135,245 for Improvement in Brewing Beer and Ale Pasteurization.   Additional accomplishments included his discovery of a cure for a certain disease that affected silkworms, which was a tremendous boon to the textile industry. He also found cures for chicken cholera, anthrax in sheep, and rabies in humans. The Pasteur Institute In 1857, Pasteur moved to Paris, where he took up a series of professorships. Personally, Pasteur lost three of his own children to typhoid during this period, and in 1868, he suffered a debilitating stroke, which left him partially paralyzed for the rest of his life. He opened the Pasteur Institute in 1888, with the stated purpose of the treatment of rabies and the study of virulent and contagious diseases. The Institute pioneered studies in microbiology, and held  the  first-ever class in the new discipline in 1889. Starting in 1891, Pasteur began to open other Institutes throughout Europe to advance his ideas. Today, there are  32 Pasteur institutes or hospitals in 29 countries throughout the world. The Germ Theory of Disease During Louis Pasteurs lifetime it was not easy for him to convince others of his ideas, which were controversial in their time but are considered absolutely correct today. Pasteur fought to convince surgeons that germs existed and that they were the cause of disease, not bad air, the prevailing theory up to that point. Furthermore, he insisted that germs could be spread via human contact and even medical instruments, and that killing germs through pasteurization and sterilization was imperative to preventing the spread of disease. In addition, Pasteur advanced the study of virology. His  work with rabies led him to realize that weak forms of disease  could be used as an immunization against stronger forms.   Famous Quotes Did you ever observe to whom the accidents happen? Chance favors only the prepared mind. Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world. Controversy   A few historians disagree with the accepted wisdom regarding Pasteurs discoveries. At the centennial of the biologists death in 1995, a historian specializing in science, Gerald L. Geison  (1943–2001), published a book analyzing Pasteurs private notebooks, which had only been made public about a decade earlier. In The Private Science of Louis Pasteur, Geison asserted that Pasteur had given misleading accounts about many of his important discoveries. Still, other critics labeled him a fraud. Death Louis Pasteur continued to work at the Pasteur Institute until June 1895, when he retired because of his increasing illness. He died on September 28, 1895, after suffering multiple strokes. Legacy Pasteur was complicated: inconsistencies and misrepresentations identified by Geison in Pasteurs notebooks show that he was not just an experimenter, but a powerful combatant, orator, and writer, who did distort facts to sway opinions and promote himself and his causes. Nevertheless, his accomplishments were tremendous- in particular his anthrax and rabies studies, the importance of handwashing and sterilization in surgery, and most importantly, ushering in the era of the vaccine. These accomplishments continue to inspire and cure millions of people. Sources Berche, P. Louis Pasteur, from Crystals of Life to Vaccination. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18 (2012): 1–6.Debrà ©, Patrice. Louis Pasteur. Trans. Forster, Elborg. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.Geison, Gerald L. The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995.  Lanska, D. J. Pasteur, Louis. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (Second Edition). Eds. Aminoff, Michael J. and Robert B. Daroff. Oxford: Academic Press, 2014. 841–45.Ligon, B. Lee. Biography: Louis Pasteur: A Controversial Figure in a Debate on Scientific Ethics. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 13.2 (2002): 134–41.Martinez-Palomo, Adolfo. The Science of Louis Pasteur: A Reconsideration. The Quarterly Review of Biology 76.1 (2001): 37–45.Tulchinsky, Theodore H. Chapter 6: Pasteur on Microbes and Infectious Diseases. Case Studies in Public Health. Ed. Tulchinsky, Theodore H.: Academic Press, 2018. 10 1–16.

Biography of Louis Pasteur, Health Sciences Pioneer

Biography of Louis Pasteur, Health Sciences Pioneer Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822–September 28, 1895) was a French biologist and chemist whose breakthrough discoveries into the causes and prevention of disease ushered in the modern era of medicine. Fast Facts: Louis Pasteur Known For: Discovered pasteurization, studies of anthrax, rabies, improved medical techniquesBorn: December 27, 1822 in Dole, FranceParents: Jean-Joseph Pasteur and Jeanne-Etiennette RoquiDied: September 28, 1895 in Paris, FranceEducation: Collà ¨ge Royal at Besancon (BA, 1842; BSc 1842), Ecole Normale Supà ©rieure (MSc, 1845; Ph.D. 1847)Spouse: Marie Laurent (1826–1910, m. May 29, 1849)Children: Jeanne (1850–1859), Jean Baptiste (1851–1908), Cà ©cile (1853–1866), Marie Louise (1858–1934),  Camille (1863–1865) Early Life Louis Pasteur was born December 27, 1822 in Dole, France, into a Catholic family. He was the third child and only son of  poorly educated tanner Jean-Joseph Pasteur and his wife Jeanne-Etiennette Roqui. He attended primary school when he was 9 years old, and at that time he didnt show any particular interest in the sciences. He was, however, quite a good artist. In 1839, he was accepted to the  Collà ¨ge Royal at Besancon, from which he graduated with both a BA and a BSc in 1842 with honors in physics, mathematics, Latin, and drawing, gaining. He later attended the prestigious Ecole Normale Supà ©rieure  to study physics and chemistry, specializing in crystals, and obtaining the French equivalents of an MSc (1845) and a Ph.D. (1847). He served briefly as a professor of physics at the Lycee in Dijon, and later became a professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg. Marriage and Family It was at the University of Strasbourg that Pasteur met Marie Laurent, the daughter of the universitys rector; she would become Louis secretary and writing assistant. The couple married on  May 29, 1849,  and had  five children: Jeanne (1850–1859), Jean Baptiste (1851–1908), Cà ©cile (1853–1866), Marie Louise (1858–1934), and Camille (1863–1865). Only two of his children survived to  adulthood: the other three  died of typhoid fever, perhaps leading to Pasteurs drive to save people from disease.   Accomplishments Over the course of his career, Pasteur conducted research that ushered in the modern era of medicine and science. Thanks to his discoveries, people could now live  longer and healthier lives. His early work  with the wine growers of France, in which he developed a way to pasteurize and kill germs as part of the fermentation process, meant that all kinds of liquids could now be safely brought to market- wine, milk, and even beer. He was even granted U.S. patent 135,245 for Improvement in Brewing Beer and Ale Pasteurization.   Additional accomplishments included his discovery of a cure for a certain disease that affected silkworms, which was a tremendous boon to the textile industry. He also found cures for chicken cholera, anthrax in sheep, and rabies in humans. The Pasteur Institute In 1857, Pasteur moved to Paris, where he took up a series of professorships. Personally, Pasteur lost three of his own children to typhoid during this period, and in 1868, he suffered a debilitating stroke, which left him partially paralyzed for the rest of his life. He opened the Pasteur Institute in 1888, with the stated purpose of the treatment of rabies and the study of virulent and contagious diseases. The Institute pioneered studies in microbiology, and held  the  first-ever class in the new discipline in 1889. Starting in 1891, Pasteur began to open other Institutes throughout Europe to advance his ideas. Today, there are  32 Pasteur institutes or hospitals in 29 countries throughout the world. The Germ Theory of Disease During Louis Pasteurs lifetime it was not easy for him to convince others of his ideas, which were controversial in their time but are considered absolutely correct today. Pasteur fought to convince surgeons that germs existed and that they were the cause of disease, not bad air, the prevailing theory up to that point. Furthermore, he insisted that germs could be spread via human contact and even medical instruments, and that killing germs through pasteurization and sterilization was imperative to preventing the spread of disease. In addition, Pasteur advanced the study of virology. His  work with rabies led him to realize that weak forms of disease  could be used as an immunization against stronger forms.   Famous Quotes Did you ever observe to whom the accidents happen? Chance favors only the prepared mind. Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world. Controversy   A few historians disagree with the accepted wisdom regarding Pasteurs discoveries. At the centennial of the biologists death in 1995, a historian specializing in science, Gerald L. Geison  (1943–2001), published a book analyzing Pasteurs private notebooks, which had only been made public about a decade earlier. In The Private Science of Louis Pasteur, Geison asserted that Pasteur had given misleading accounts about many of his important discoveries. Still, other critics labeled him a fraud. Death Louis Pasteur continued to work at the Pasteur Institute until June 1895, when he retired because of his increasing illness. He died on September 28, 1895, after suffering multiple strokes. Legacy Pasteur was complicated: inconsistencies and misrepresentations identified by Geison in Pasteurs notebooks show that he was not just an experimenter, but a powerful combatant, orator, and writer, who did distort facts to sway opinions and promote himself and his causes. Nevertheless, his accomplishments were tremendous- in particular his anthrax and rabies studies, the importance of handwashing and sterilization in surgery, and most importantly, ushering in the era of the vaccine. These accomplishments continue to inspire and cure millions of people. Sources Berche, P. Louis Pasteur, from Crystals of Life to Vaccination. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18 (2012): 1–6.Debrà ©, Patrice. Louis Pasteur. Trans. Forster, Elborg. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.Geison, Gerald L. The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995.  Lanska, D. J. Pasteur, Louis. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (Second Edition). Eds. Aminoff, Michael J. and Robert B. Daroff. Oxford: Academic Press, 2014. 841–45.Ligon, B. Lee. Biography: Louis Pasteur: A Controversial Figure in a Debate on Scientific Ethics. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 13.2 (2002): 134–41.Martinez-Palomo, Adolfo. The Science of Louis Pasteur: A Reconsideration. The Quarterly Review of Biology 76.1 (2001): 37–45.Tulchinsky, Theodore H. Chapter 6: Pasteur on Microbes and Infectious Diseases. Case Studies in Public Health. Ed. Tulchinsky, Theodore H.: Academic Press, 2018. 10 1–16.

E-diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

E-diplomacy - Essay Example Moreover, modern diplomatic service being faced with enhanced roles, requests for extended outreach and accountability. Reduction in resources is also confronted with multi stakeholder and multidisciplinary international arena. The occurrence of information and communication technologies (ICT) has rather carved out a substitute pathway towards progress. This paper inspects the role of information and communication technology in conveying diplomatic services, as a case of the ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. E-Diplomacy has emerged as an internet based resource that combines different applications tool to help secure diplomatic goals of different countries (Hanson). In the UK’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office (2012) digital diplomacy is considered as an important tool in managing foreign policy issues via the internet. The current scope and definition of e-diplomacy is however limited as it does not cover internal electronic collaboration processes, mobile applications or related technologies. The US State Department (2013) applies the concept of 21st century statecraft to encompass the elements and applications of e-diplomacy, where the focus is on three primary information networks of international relations and trade, personal communications and mass media. With the increasing involvement ICT into diplomatic affairs, political scientists refer this transformation as the shift in the paradigm. It offers a much more targeted way of delivering information, and empowers the government in establishing new connections across the globe. Moreover, e-diplomacy has changed the role of diplomats; they are no more bound to carry all the official documents, as these files are always present at the distance of their fingertips. Foreign ministries will have little option but to take advantage of IT if they are to remain

Value Added Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Value Added - Essay Example The unit profit is arrived at by calculating the difference between the production cost and the sale price. In order to determine the total value added is obtained by adding all the value added figures of all the units. Essentially, the difference between revenue and outside purchases is equivalent to total value added. In terms of analysis, the figure obtained of value added offers a range of interpretations. For instance, integrated companies usually regard value added as a higher portion of revenue whereas companies that are less integrated consider it as a lower portion of revenue. Another method of approximating total value added is by combining total labor expense, operating profit, and depreciation expense in that order (Mowen, Hansen, & Heitger, 2012). According to standard procedure, the operating profit must come before depreciation expense. Labor expense includes such items as benefits, wages, and salaries. The figure of total labor expense is usually considered as a retur n to labor while the value of operating profit is generally considered as a return to capital. Capital comprises of items such as land, properties, and capital goods. Normally, it is considered important to follow the standard procedure when arriving at the different figures. Factors of production are usually considered in terms of value added when determining the figure of value added in macroeconomic calculations. Calculating value added in national accounts usually involves capital and labor (Mowen, Hansen, & Heitger, 2012). Alternative definitions usually consider value added as the extra features, which extend over standard expectations of a given product or a service. Such items do not involve the cost of the product. According to some theoretical approaches, value added is considered as the difference in the prices incurred by a company over a product and the price paid by a customer for the same customer. As such, arriving at the figure of value added is through the determin ation of the difference in the prices. The figure is obtained by subtracting the company’s cost from the customer’s cost and then adding the figure of services to the results. Theoretically, value added could be understood in terms of the different enhancements that a business puts on a particular product with the objective of increasing the value of the product (Mowen, Hansen, & Heitger, 2012). In this manner, value added is considered as a determination of the different qualities that are created on a given product or service. Value added can increase the price of a give product or its value. Generally, value added is considered as one of the ways in which a firm enhances the competitive advantage of its products or services. Other perspectives on value added describe it as an increase in the value of goods or services as they transit from one stage of production to another.  

Reduce,Reuse and Reclycle Essay Example for Free

Reduce,Reuse and Reclycle Essay Practicing these three steps (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) helps us lessen the environmental impact that manufacturing and distributing products have on our environment. Reducing waste is the most effective 3 R practice, because it means not producing unnecessary waste in the first place – So there is zero impact on the environment. If we reduce what we buy and use in the first place and reuse wherever possible, fewer things need to be recycled and the amount of waste we produce will fall. The next best is Reuse, because it extends the life of a product. That item still had to be made but it is used over and over, reducing the need to make new stuff. Recycling in the end is the reprocessing of materials. It helps reduce pollution caused by waste and the need of raw material so that rainforests can be preserved. BENEFITS: We are going to give you some tips and practical examples how to save money, energy and the environment. 1. Do not waste food, make sure that you buy what you are going to consume, give leftovers to your pets or discard them in a responsible way. (Environmental friendly). 2. Grow your own vegetable, fruits, and flowers. 3.  When you leave a room always turn the lights off – Do not forget to switch off all the electrical equipment’s, turn down your emersion heater. 4. Instead of using dishwasher, wash dishes by hands from the sink 5. Always turn the tap off when you wash your teeth. You do not need the tap running when you are brushing your teeth. 6. Instead of buying a lot of books, you can borrow from the library or charity shops. 7. Do not automatically get rid of your old newspaper; use it in place of paper towels to clean glasses and mirrors. Shred it to make packaging materials, use it as a fire starter. 8.  Reuse junk mail envelops for your own mail. Just put a label over the see through window or if the envelop has a bar code at the bottom, run a black marker through it. 9. Do not dump water you use to cook vegetable; water your plants with it. 10. Use the public transport (trains, undergrounds) rather than cars to reduce pollution. ADVANTAGES OF RECYCLING: Recycling uses much less energy than producing new materials from scratch. This means less fossil fuel is burnt and less greenhouse gas is emitted. The vast majority of materials collected from your doorstep are recycled and used in the UK. This means less fuel is used to export waste and import new materials. Recycling helps to reduce pollution, Co2 emissions caused by waste and preserve natural resources for futures generations. Recycling is one of the best ways for you to have a positive impact on the planet in which we live. It is so important to both, the natural environment and us (Human beings). N. B: However, recycling still creates some pollution because it is an industrial process. That’s why â€Å"Reduce and Reuse† are the most important of the 3 R practice. Did you know? Recycling Aluminium uses only five per cent of the energy and emissions needed to make it from raw materials. Each year in the UK, we go through over 1. 2 million Tonnes of electrical waste. (That’s the equivalent of 150 Thousand double decker buses). Prevention is better than cure as the doctors say. Therefore, we must act fast as the amount of waste we create is increasing all the time. We are going to conclude our topic with this wise and pertinent citation of Margaret Mead: â€Å"Never doubt a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has. †

The Relationship Between Oklahomans and Native Americans Essay

The Relationship Between Oklahomans and Native Americans I. Introduction When the name Oklahoma is mentioned, there are certain things that come to the minds of many people and one of those things are Native Americans. Native Americans and Oklahoma share a special bond that neither one of them ever thought would come into fruition. This special bond between Native Americans and Oklahoma is something that started with great hesitance but has blossomed into something great. During this paper, the evolution of this relationship between Native Americans and Oklahoma will be discussed. Oklahomans and Native Americans share a mutual respect relationship that has blossomed very much so. II.) Introduction to Native Americans Way before there was ever a state of Oklahoma or even an America there were American Indians all throughout North America. The term â€Å"Paleo-Indians† is generally used to refer to early Native Americans up through the end of the Ice Age (c.8000 BC). Most authorities believe these â€Å"Paleo-Indians† entered North America from Siberia as small bands of migratory big-game hunters. Such a journey could have been made by means of a land bridge, known as Beringia, which emerged several times during the Pleistocene. Native Americans or the American Indians were free to roam wherever they pleased before America became a nation. This time was the best time for the Native Americans they were free to do whatever they wanted whenever they wanted. The Native Americans each had their own property/territory that other Native Americans knew about and would not come into. This was a mutual respect thing. However, there were plenty of instances where Native Americans prior to the w hite man coming to America had difficu... ... this happens quite frequently at least once a month.† This is how Rhonda Hamilton thinks that casinos helps not only her little community but also all the communities within the state and the state as a whole. The relationship between Oklahoma and Native Americans is a very good one now. However, it is not great, but it does continue getting better and better. Hopefully this relationship keeps growing and only gets better as time goes on and the Native Americans keep trusting the State of Oklahoma, and the state of Oklahoma keeps helping the Native Americans when it can. This is a relationship that arose from something horrible, but it has blossomed into something great. I believe that neither side the Native Americans nor the state of Oklahoma would change anything about their relationship. I believe that they are very happy that this relationship came about.

Hammersmith and Fulham During World War II Essay

Source L is an account of the memories that Barbara Walsh had whilst being evacuated. The source is useful as it highlights the differences in social class and wealth, â€Å"The bathroom had a heated towel rail which I had never seen before†. This shows us that people had a different standard of living. People also had certain expectations, † astonished that London children could eat with knives and forks as they expected us to eat with our fingers.† Her experience tells us a lot about the feelings that evacuees could have, although hers are individual to her, â€Å"I can still remember the desolate feeling I had as, one by one, the friends with whom I had made the journey disappeared with their new ‘families’.† Her own feelings, opinions and experience may be similar to the majority of evacuees. Despite being written fifty years after the event the account still holds some very detailed factual information, â€Å"My sister and I were to share the guest room, which had single beds with blue sheets and blankets.† Also through the account we learn a lot about the process of evacuation, â€Å"I carried a small bag containing a change of clothes and washing kit, also my gasmask in a brown cardboard box. Her account also highlights differences in religion â€Å"As a zealous Catholic of seven years of age I felt indignant about this state of affairs and wrote â€Å"this should be a Catholic church† in the visitor’s book in red crayon and signed my name.† People of different religions were thrown together and expected to deal with the circumstances, Jews lived with staunch Catholics etc. this was due to cause many problems. However the source is written fifty years later and some details have been forgotten, like which station the children left from. The details that the author has included are the types of things a child would remember. Due to the fact that it has been so long Barbara Walsh’s memories may have been altered, either through her own wish to view it more positively or through the influence of media publishing popular images that may have been incorporated into her own. The account also has very little factual information and is solely the memories of the author and does not accommodate the experiences of anyone else. On the basis of this I think that although the source may be reliable, despite being written fifty years later, it is not particularly useful by itself. I think that the source is reliable because it does contain a lot of detailed information. I do not, however think that it is useful because it only gives us the feelings and experiences of one person. If it were to be used as part of a few sources with other people’s experiences then it may show us something different. Both sources H and I are photographs of homes destroyed after an air raid. They show us the loss of property and lives that place during air raids. It highlights the danger faced by the ordinary civilians each night. Source J is a table giving statistical information to how many bombs were dropped and damage to life and property in a given area. From this table we can see that Hammersmith and Fulham were not that badly affected, especially on comparison to places like Poplar. Source K is a letter from an unknown resident written during 1940, it reveals the names of roads, which were bombed and names some friends caught up. It also expresses the feelings of the author. Sources H and I have limited use, as they do not give us any factual details like those in source J, although they are clear visual resources. We do not know the origin of source J and so can not be sure that the information is correct, it also doesn’t give us any emotional details to see how the public were feeling like source K does. If all the information in Source K were true then it would be the most useful of the sources. However due to gossip and misinformation the source maybe unreliable. This source pinpoints exactly where the bombs landed and what was destroyed as well as giving us an insight into the feelings of the author, we must also remember that not all people will feel the same.

A Guide to Classical Management Theory Essay

The classical management theory is a school of management thought in which theorists delved into how to find the best possible way for workers to perform their tasks. The classical management theory is divided into two branches, the classical scientific and the classical administrative. The classical scientific branch comes from the scientific mindset of attempting to increase productivity. During the height of the classical scientific theory, theorists would use almost mechanical methods towards labor and organization to achieve goals of productivity and efficiency. Some of the basic techniques of the classical scientific theory include creating standardized methods for a task and dividing work between employees equally. On the other hand, the classical administrative theory focuses on how management can be organized to achieve productivity. Henri Fayol, a leading figure in management theory, devised several management theories geared towards efficiency, such as creating a unified direction among managers, centralization, and discipline. Other management theories focused on building team confidence, such as establishing teamwork, using initiative, and equity. Strengths of Classical Management Theory Current management organization and structure can find much of its roots from the classical management theory. One of the main advantages of the classical management theory was to devise a methodology for how management should operate. Management principles devised during this period can be seen as a foundation for current management behavior today, such as serving as a force of authority and responsibility. In addition, another benefit of the classical management theory is the focus on division of labor. By dividing labor, tasks could be completed more quickly and efficiently, thus allowing productivity to increase. Division of labor can be seen in many applications today, ranging from fast food restaurants to large production facilities. In addition, the classical management theory also gave rise to an autocratic leadership style, allowing employees to take direction and command from their managers. Flaws of Classical Management Theory The main weakness of the classical management theory arose from its tough, rigid structure. One of the main principles of the classical management theory is to increase productivity and efficiency; however, achieving these goals often came at the expense of creativity and human relations. Oftentimes, employers and theorists would focus on scientific, almost mechanical ways of increasing productivity. For example, managers would use assembly line methods and project management theories that focused on efficient division of tasks. However, employers ignored the relational aspect in employees, in the process of trying to predict and control human behavior. In fact, the human relations movement arose in response to the classical management theory, as a way to understand the role of human motivation in productivity. Additional flaws of the classical management theory include a heavy reliance on prior experience. The theorists of this time only tested their assumptions with certain industries, such as manufacturing and other high production companies. However, in today’s environment, the rigid structure of classical management theory would not translate well in most companies. Many businesses realize the importance of improving employee motivation and behavior, and implement departments devoted solely to improving human relations. Advantages and Benefits of the Classical Management Theory by Julianne Russ, Demand Media Classical management theory was introduced in the late 19th century. It became widespread in the first half of the 20th century, as organizations tried to address issues of industrial management, including specialization, efficiency, higher quality, cost reduction and management-worker relationships. While other management theories have evolved since then, classical management approaches are still used today by many small-business owners to build their companies and to succeed. Ads by Google Study in Australia Diploma Courses in TCWA, Perth. Business & Management. Apply Now tcwa.net.au Hierarchical Structure One of the advantages of the classical management structure is a clear organizational hierarchy with three distinct management levels. Each management group has its own objectives and responsibilities. The top management is usually the board of directors or the chief executives who are responsible for the long-term goals of the organization. Middle management oversees the supervisors, setting department goals according to the approved budget. At the lowest level are the supervisors who oversee day-to-day activities, address employee issues and provide employee training. The levels of leadership and responsibilities are clear and well defined. While the three-level structure may not be suitable for all small businesses, it can benefit those that are expanding. Division of Labor One of the advantages of classical management approach is the division of labor. Projects are broken down into smaller tasks that are easy to complete. Employees’ responsibilities and expectations are clearly defined. This approach allows workers to narrow their field of expertise and to specialize in one area. The division of labor approach leads to increased productivity and higher efficiency, as workers are not expected to multitask. Small-businesses owners can benefit from taking this approach if they are looking to increase production with minimal expense. Monetary Incentive According to classical management theory, employees should be motivated by monetary rewards. In other words, they will work harder and become more productive if they have an incentive to look forward to. This gives management easier control over the workforce. Employees feel appreciated when being rewarded for hard work. A small-business owner can take this approach to motivate the employees to achieve production goals. Autocratic Leadership The autocratic leadership approach is the central part of classical management theory. It states that an organization should have a single leader to make decisions, to organize and direct the employees. All decisions are made at the top level and communicated down. The autocratic leadership approach is beneficial in instances when small-business decisions need to be made quickly by a leader, without having to consult with a large group of people, such a board of directors. Small businesses, especially sole proprietorships, can have an advantage in taking this approach, as they need a strong leader to grow. Sponsored Links Classical Management Theory Early Management Theories Early Theories of Organizations emerged mainly for military and Catholic Church. The metaphor of the machine was dominant, where organizations are viewed as machines. Therefore, the organizational application was, since workers behave predictably (as machines do rarely deviate from the norm), management knows what to expect, and workers operating outside expectations are replaced. Classical Management Theories There are three well-established theories of classical management: Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, Fayol?s Administrative Theory, Weber?s Theory of Bureaucracy. Although these schools, or theories, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each new school has tended to complement or coexist with previous ones. Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, U.S.Aï â‚¬ Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) ?The Father of Scientific Management?. Scientific Management theory arose from the need to increase productivity in the U.S.A. especially, where skilled labor was in short supply at the beginning of the twentieth century. The only way to expand productivity was to raise the efficiency of workers. Taylor devised four principles for scientific management theory, which were: 1. The development of a true science of management, 2. The scientific selection and training of workers, 3. Proper remuneration for fast and high-quality work 1. Small Business > 2. Managing Employees > 3. Managers Advantages and Benefits of the Classical Management Theory by Julianne Russ, Demand Media Classical management theory was introduced in the late 19th century. It became widespread in the first half of the 20th century, as organizations tried to address issues of industrial management, including specialization, efficiency, higher quality, cost reduction and management-worker relationships. While other management theories have evolved since then, classical management approaches are still used today by many small-business owners to build their companies and to succeed. Ads by Google Racing Boats Suppliers Find Quality Products from Verified Suppliers. Get a Live Quote Now! www.Alibaba.com Hierarchical Structure One of the advantages of the classical management structure is a clear organizational hierarchy with three distinct management levels. Each management group has its own objectives and responsibilities. The top management is usually the board of directors or the chief executives who are responsible for the long-term goals of the organization. Middle management oversees the supervisors, setting department goals according to the approved budget. At the lowest level are the supervisors who oversee day-to-day activities, address employee issues and provide employee training. The levels of leadership and responsibilities are clear and well defined. While the three-level structure may not be suitable for all small businesses, it can benefit those that are expanding. Division of Labor One of the advantages of classical management approach is the division of labor. Projects are broken down into smaller tasks that are easy to complete. Employees’ responsibilities and expectations are clearly defined. This approach allows workers to narrow their field of expertise and to specialize in one area. The division of labor approach leads to increased productivity and higher efficiency, as workers are not expected to multitask. Small-businesses owners can benefit from taking this approach if they are looking to increase production with minimal expense. Monetary Incentive According to classical management theory, employees should be motivated by monetary rewards. In other words, they will work harder and become more productive if they have an incentive to look forward to. This gives management easier control over the workforce. Employees feel appreciated when being rewarded for hard work. A small-business owner can take this approach to motivate the employees to achieve production goals. Autocratic Leadership The autocratic leadership approach is the central part of classical management theory. It states that an organization should have a single leader to make decisions, to organize and direct the employees. All decisions are made at the top level and communicated down. The autocratic leadership approach is beneficial in instances when small-business decisions need to be made quickly by a leader, without having to consult with a large group of people, such a board of directors. Small businesses, especially sole proprietorships, can have an advantage in taking this approach, as they need a strong leader to grow. Sponsored Links

Analytical Characterization of Fatty Acids Essay Example

Analytical Characterization of Fatty Acids Essay Example Analytical Characterization of Fatty Acids Essay Analytical Characterization of Fatty Acids Essay 2 Besides its familiarity for toxicity and poisoning,3 it has uses for a number of diseases like asthma, muscle spasm, whooping cough, skin ulcer, hemorrhoids, anti-rheumatic etc. Its oil based preparation is used for healing of all types of wounds in Ayurveda and Siddha practice of medicine since long ago. 4 Datura species produces a number of small seeds encapsulated in an apple like fruit capsule; hence the name â€Å"thornapple† is based on this fact. The most common and medicinally important tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine, atropine nd scopolamine have been isolated from Datura species. Clarification of the dual effect of this plant requires extensive research for the exploration of chemistry and pharmacology of the plant under investigation. The present work is a part of these investigations focusing on the determination of fatty acids in oil extracted from Datura seeds. Due to biological importance5,6 fatty acids have gained importance in food nutrition evaluation 7-10 and in the diagnosis of certain diseases and pharmacology. 1 Fatty acids with unsaturation, either monounsaturated or polyunsaturated, have been used in lowering the risks of heart disease, against inflammation and in enhancing the immunity or immune system. 12-17 A number of analytical techniques have been applied for the determination of fatty acids. These include: enzymatic, spectrophotometric, HPLC18-20 and gas chromatography (GC). 21-23 GC-MS is the method of choice for the analysis of fatty acids due to various reasons like speed, resolutions and sensitivity. 4,25 From the literature it appears that most of the research work performed is the determination of alkaloids which are main constituents of this genus. No remarkable work has been carried out for the determination of fatty acids in Datura alba seed oil which is needed in order to explore its pharmacological importance. 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 summarizes the results obtained from the GCMS analysis showing the relative concentration of individual esterified fatty acids based on the external standard method and the standard deviation values among the three results in each case. Analyses were performed three times and the values of area and concentration in Table 1 are the average of three measurement results. Quantification of FAMEs was performed using three points calibration curve * Corresponding author. Tel: 0092-91-9216240-43; Fax: 0043-512-5072767; E-mail: [emailprotected] com Fatty Acids in Datura alba Seed Oil by GC-MS J. Chin. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 58, No. 2, 2011 237 Table 1. Quantification results of fatty acid methyl esters # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Name C6:0; Hexanoic acid, methyl ester C8:0; Caprylic acid, methyl ester C10:0; Capric acid, methyl ester C12:0; Lauric acid, methyl ester C14:0; Myristic acid, methyl ester C15:0; Pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester C16:0; Palmitic acid, methyl ester C16:1c; Palmitoleic acid, methyl ester C17:0; Margaric acid, methyl ester C18:0; Stearic acid, methyl ester C18:1c; Oleic acid, methyl ester C18:1n8T; Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester C18:2c; Linoleic acid, methyl ester C20:0; Arachidic acid, methyl ester C20:2; Eicosadienoic acid, methyl ester Retention time (min. ) 3. 060 4. 957 6. 796 8. 552 11. 000 12. 670 14. 692 15. 213 16. 985 19. 704 20. 266 20. 433 21. 912 27. 306 29. 756 AreaO 19654 11442 3454 2928 39973 2407 2674581 8191 13220 427823 816146 86541 1554375 30982 22200 Conc. (%)O 0. 16 0. 11 0. 02 0. 1 0. 18 0. 01 6. 59 0. 21 0. 09 1. 35 5. 41 0. 92 16. 22 0. 22 0. 65 Std. Dev. * 0. 002 0. 003 0 . 002 0. 003 0. 010 0. 003 0. 020 0. 002 0. 003 0. 010 0. 003 0. 004 0. 002 0. 004 0. 005 * Standard deviation values for the three measurement results; O Average of three measurement results. with R2 value less than 0. 99 (R2 0. 99) in each case. Fig. 1 shows the GC-MS chromatogram obtained from fatty acid standard mixture of 37 components while Fig. 2 is the GCMS chromatogram of Datura alba seed oil with properly labeled signals of analytes detected. Both the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were found in the sample under investigations. Linoleic acid was found in highest concentration which is necessary for the maintenance of growth. It has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of cyclooxiginase-2 (COX-2) catalyzed prostaglandin biosynthesis. 29,30 Among the other fatty acids with concentrations more than 1% are: Palmitic acid (6. 59%), Oleic acid (5. 41%) and Stearic acid (1. 35%) were found. Amount of rest of the fatty acids were less than 1% (Table 1). From the results it is clear that Datura alba seeds, besides its toxicity, can also be used in various pharmaceutical products as it contains different bioactive compounds like fatty acids. The method applied is a reliable method of analyzing imultaneously many fatty acid components in a single run. 3. EXPERIMENTAL 3. 1. Chemicals and reagents Boron triflouride solution in methanol (10%) was purchased from Fluka Chemie (Buchs, Switzerland). Sodium hydroxide solution (methanolic; 0. 5 N) and sodium chloride (analytical grade) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germa ny) while methanol (HPLC grade), n-hexane (HPLC grade) were from Fischer Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Helium gas (99. 9999%) from Pak gas (United Arab Emirates) was procured. Tridecanoic acid methyl ester and Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) 37 components standard mix were obtained from AccuStandard (Newhaven, Connecticut USA). These 37 components are: methyl ester of hexanoic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, undecanoic acid, lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, pentadecanoic acid, pentdecenoic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, margaric acid, heptadecenoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, octadecenoic acid, linoleic acid, octadecadienoic acid, g-linolenic acid, linolenic acid, arachidic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosadienoic acid, 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid, heneicosanoic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, behenic acid, eruccic acid, docosadienoic acid (C22:2), tricosanoic acid, tetracosanoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and tetracosenoic acid. Deionized water was used through out the experimental work. 3. 2. Preparation of standard Internal standard was prepared by dissolving 13. 7 mg of tridecanoic acid methyl ester in 1 mL hexane. External standard was prepared by diluting 10 mg of 37 component FAMEs mix standard to 10 mL with di chloromethane. From this solution further working standard solutions were prepared. 238 J. Chin. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 58, No. 2, 2011 Qureshi et al. Fig. 1. GC-MS chromatogram of 37 components standard. Chromatographic conditions: inj. vol. : 1  µL, carrier gas: Helium, column: TRB-FFAP capillary column (length; 30 m, i. d. ; 0. 35 mm, thickness; 0. 50  µm, treated with polyethylene glycol), MS scanning: 85-380 m/z. 3. 3. Extraction of oil and preparation of FAMEs About 100 g powdered seed material was extracted with 250 mL n-hexane26 for six hours through soxhlet extraction apparatus. The extract was concentrated by recovering the solvent using rotary evaporator. Fatty acids are polar compounds and are not volatile. For gas chromatographic analysis it is necessary that the sample to be analyzed must be volatile. In order to make fatty acids present in the oil volatile, derivatizaion is performed prior to GC-MS analysis. Methylation is the most general method of converting non-vola tile fatty acids into volatile fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs). 7 Methylation of fatty acids was performed with BF3-methanol as derivatizing reagent, which is the most accepted procedure for converting fatty acids into FAMEs. 23 Derivatization was performed according to the AOAC standard reference method. 28 To a known amount of sample (equivalent to 25 mg fat) was added 0. 1 mL internal standard (1. 37 mg) and 1. 5 mL of sodium hydroxide solution in methanol (0. 5 N), sealed and heated in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. The hydrolyzed sample was cooled and added 2. 5 mL of boron triflouride solution in methanol (10%). The solution was then sealed and heated in boiling water bath for 30 minutes and cooled. To the esterified solution was added 5 mL saturated sodium chloride solution and extracted twice with 1 mL hexane. The hexane extract was filtered through 0. 45 mm membrane filter and injected 1 ml to GCMS using auto injector system. 3. 4. Chromatographic separation of FAMEs A gas chromatograph from Shimadzu hyphenated to a mass spectrometer QP 2010 plus (Tokyo, Japan) equipped with an auto-sampler (AOC-20S) and auto-injector (AOC20i) was used. Helium was used as carrier gas. All chromatographic separations were performed on a capillary column (TRB-FFAP; Technokroma) having specifications: length; 30 m, i. d. ; 0. 35 mm, thickness; 0. 250  µm, treated Fatty Acids in Datura alba Seed Oil by GC-MS J. Chin. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 58, No. 2, 2011 239 Fig. 2. GC-MS chromatogram of Datura alba seed oil. Chromatographic conditions: as in Fig. 1. with polyethylene glycol. Other GC-MS conditions are: ion source temperature (EI); 250  °C, interface temperature; 240  °C, pressure; 100 KPa, solvent cut time; 1. 8 min. 1  µL of sample and standard were injected into the GC column. Injector was operated in a split mode with a split ratio 1:50. Injection temperature was 240  °C. The column temperature program started at 50  °C for 1 min and changed to 150  °C at the rate of 15  °C/min. The temperature was raised to 175  °C at the rate of 2. 5  °C/min and hold for 5 minutes. Then the temperature was increased to 220  °C at the rate of 2. 5  °C/min and kept constant for 3 minutes. Total elution time was 43 minutes. MS scanning was performed from m/z 85 to m/z 380. GC-MS solutions software provided by the supplier was used to control the system and to acquire the data. Identification of the compounds was carried out by comparing the mass spectra obtained with those of standard mass spectra from the NIST library (NIST 05). REFERENCES 1. Nadkarni, K. M. Dr. KM Nadkarni’s Indian Materia Medica; Popular Prakashan: Bombay, 1994. 2. Kuganathan, N. ; Saminathan, S. ; Muttukrishna, S. Internet J. Toxicol. 2008, 5(2). 3. Steenkamp, P. A. ; Harding, N. M. ; Heerden, F. R. v. ; Wyk, B. E. v. Forensic Sci. Int. 2004, 145, 31-39. 4. Priya, K. S. Gnanamani, A. ; Radhakrishnan, N. ; Babu, M. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2002, 83, 193-199. 5. Wallace, F. A. ; Neely, S. J. ; Miles, E. A. ; Calder, P. C. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 2000, 78, 40-48. 6. Cherif, S. ; Frikha, F. ; Gargouri, Y. ; Miled, N. Food Chem. 2008, 111, 930-933. 7. Tomaino, R. M. ; Parker, J. D. ; Larick, D. K. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 3993-3998. 8. Skonberg, D. I. ; Perkins, B. L. Food Chem. 2002, 77, 401-404. 9. Martin, C. A. ; Carapelli, R. ; Visantainer, J. V. ; Matsushita, M. ; de Souza, N. E. Food Chem. 2005, 93, 445-448. 10. Philip, C. C. Prostaglandins, Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2008, 79, 101-108. 11. Stoddart, L. A. Smith, N. J. ; Milligan, G. Pharmacol. Rev. 2008, 60, 405-417. 12. Calder, P. Lipids 1999, 34, S137-S140. 240 J. Chin. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 58, No. 2, 2011 Qureshi et al. 13. Hamberg, M. ; Hamberg, G. Phytochemistry 1996, 42, 729-732. 14. Hargrove, R. L. ; Etherton, T. D. ; Pearson, T. A. ; Harrison, E. H. ; Kris-Etherton, P. M. J. Nutr. 2001, 131, 1758-1763. 15. Yaqoob, P. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 56, 9. 16. Villa, B. ; Calabresi, L. ; Chiesa, G. ; Rise, P. ; Galli, C. ; Sirtori, C. R. Pharmacol. Res. 2002, 45, 475-478. 17. Siscovick, D. S. ; Raghunathan, T. E. ; King, I. ; Weinmann, S. ; Wicklund, K. G. ; Albright, J. ; Bovbjerg, V. ; Arbogast, P. Smith, H. ; Kushi, L. H. ; Cobb, L. A. ; Copass, M. K. ; Psaty, B. M. ; Lemaitre, R. ; Retzlaff, B. ; Childs, M. ; Knopp, R. H. JAMA 1995, 274, 1363-1367. 18. Bailey, A. L. ; Southon, S. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 415-419. 19. Zhao, J. ; Li, S. P. ; Yang, F. Q. ; Li, P. ; Wang, Y. T. J. Chromatogr. , A 2006, 1108, 188-194. 20. Romanowicz, L. ; Galewska, Z. ; Gogiel, T. ; Jaworski, S. ; Sobolewski, K. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 2008, 70, 973-977. 21. Yue, X. -F. ; Zhang, Y. -N. ; Zhang, J. ; Zhang, Z. -Q. Anal. Methods 2010, 2, 668-672. 22. Rosenfeld, J. M. Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 465, 93-100. 23. Shantha, N. C. ; Napolitano, G. E. J. Chromatogr. A 1992, 624, 37-51. 24. Destaillats, F. ; Cruz-Hernandez, C. J. Chromatogr. , A 2007, 1169, 175-178. 25. Yi, L. ; He, J. ; Liang, Y. ; Yuan, D. ; Gao, H. ; Zhou, H. Chem. Phys. Lipids 2007, 150, 204-216. 26. Anwar, F. ; Bhanger, M. I. ; Nasir, M. K. A. ; Ismail, S. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 4210-4214. 27. Dron, J. ; Linke, R. ; Rosenberg, E. ; Schrei ner, M. J. Chromatogr. , A 2004, 1047, 111-116. 28. AOAC 991. 39, 17th ed. ; Chapet 41, p 26, 2000. 29. Ringbom, T. ; Huss, U. ; Stenholm, A. ; Flock, S. ; Skattebol, L. ; Perera, P. ; Bohlin, L. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 745-749. 30. Badoni, R. ; Semwal, D. K. ; Rawat, U. J. Sci. Res. 2010, 2, 397-402.

Definition and Examples of Essays or Compositions

Definition and Examples of Essays or Compositions The term essay comes from the French for trial or attempt. French author  Michel de Montaigne coined the term when he assigned the title Essais to his first publication in 1580. In Montaigne: A Biography (1984), Donald Frame notes that Montaigne often used the verb essayer (in modern French, normally to try) in ways close to his project, related to experience, with the sense of trying out or testing. An essay is a short work of nonfiction, while a writer of essays is called an essayist. In writing instruction, essay is often used as another word for composition. In an essay, an authorial voice  (or narrator) typically invites an implied reader  (the audience) to accept as authentic a certain textual mode of experience.   Definitions and Observations [An essay is a] composition, usually in prose.., which may be of only a few hundred words (like Bacons Essays) or of book length (like Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding) and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics.(J.A. Cuddon, Dictionary of Literary Terms. Basil, 1991)Essays are how we speak to one another in print - caroming thoughts not merely in order to convey a certain packet of information, but with a special edge or bounce of personal character in a kind of public letter.(Edward Hoagland, Introduction, The Best American Essays: 1999. Houghton, 1999)[T]he essay traffics in fact and tells the truth, yet it seems to feel free to enliven, to shape, to embellish, to make use as necessary of elements of the imaginative and the fictive - thus its inclusion in that rather unfortunate current designation creative nonfiction.(G. Douglas Atkins, Reading Essays: An Invitation. University of Georgia Press, 2007) Montaignes Autobiographical EssaysAlthough Michel de Montaigne, who fathered the modern essay in the 16th century, wrote autobiographically (like the essayists who claim to be his followers today), his autobiography was always in the service of larger existential discoveries. He was forever on the lookout for life lessons. If he recounted the sauces he had for dinner and the stones that weighted his kidney, it was to find an element of truth that we could put in our pockets and carry away, that he could put in his own pocket. After all, Philosophy - which is what he thought he practiced in his essays, as had his idols, Seneca and Cicero, before him - is about learning to live. And here lies the problem with essayists today: not that they speak of themselves, but that they do so with no effort to make their experience relevant or useful to anyone else, with no effort to extract from it any generalizable insight into the human condition.(Cristina Nehring, What’s Wrong With the American Essay. Truthdig, Nov. 29, 2007) The Artful Formlessness of the Essay[G]ood essays are works of literary art. Their supposed formlessness is more a strategy to disarm the reader with the appearance of unstudied spontaneity than a reality of composition. . . .The essay form as a whole has long been associated with an experimental method. This idea goes back to Montaigne and his endlessly suggestive use of the term essai for his writing. To essay is to attempt, to test, to make a run at something without knowing whether you are going to succeed. The experimental association also derives from the other fountain-head of the essay, Francis Bacon, and his stress on the empirical inductive method, so useful in the development of the social sciences.(Phillip Lopate, The Art of the Personal Essay. Anchor, 1994) Articles vs. Essays[W]hat finally distinguishes an essay from an article may just be the authors gumption, the extent to which personal voice, vision, and style are the prime movers and shapers, even though the authorial I may be only a remote energy, nowhere visible but everywhere present.(Justin Kaplan, ed. The Best American Essays: 1990. Ticknor Fields, 1990)I am predisposed to the essay with knowledge to impart - but, unlike journalism, which exists primarily to present facts, the essays transcend their data, or transmute it into personal meaning. The memorable essay, unlike the article, is not place or time-bound; it survives the occasion of its original composition. Indeed, in the most brilliant essays, language is not merely the medium of communication; it is communication.(Joyce Carol Oates, quoted by Robert Atwan in The Best American Essays, College Edition, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, 1998)I speak of a genuine essay because fakes abound. Here the old-fashioned term poetaste r may apply, if only obliquely. As the poetaster is to the poet - a lesser aspirant - so the average article is to the essay: a look-alike knockoff guaranteed not to wear well. An article is often gossip. An essay is reflection and insight. An article often has the temporary advantage of social heat - whats hot out there right now. An essays heat is interior. An article can be timely, topical, engaged in the issues and personalities of the moment; it is likely to be stale within the month. In five years it may have acquired the quaint aura of a rotary phone. An article is usually Siamese-twinned to its date of birth. An essay defies its date of birth - and ours, too. (A necessary caveat: some genuine essays are popularly called articles - but this is no more than an idle, though persistent, habit of speech. Whats in a name? The ephemeral is the ephemeral. The enduring is the enduring.)(Cynthia Ozick, SHE: Portrait of the Essay as a Warm Body. The Atlantic Monthly, September 1998) The Status of the EssayThough the essay has been a popular form of writing in British and American periodicals since the 18th century, until recently its status in the literary canon has been, at best, uncertain. Relegated to the composition class, frequently dismissed as mere journalism, and generally ignored as an object for serious academic study, the essay has sat, in James Thurbers phrase, on the edge of the chair of Literature.In recent years, however, prompted by both a renewed interest in rhetoric and by poststructuralist redefinitions of literature itself, the essay - as well as such related forms of literary nonfiction as biography, autobiography, and travel and nature writing - has begun to attract increasing critical attention and respect.(Richard Nordquist, Essay, in Encylopedia of American Literature, ed. S. R. Serafin. Continuum, 1999) The Contemporary EssayAt present, the American magazine essay, both the long feature piece and the critical essay, is flourishing, in unlikely circumstances...There are plenty of reasons for this. One is that magazines, big and small, are taking over some of the cultural and literary ground vacated by newspapers in their seemingly unstoppable evaporation. Another is that the contemporary essay has for some time now been gaining energy as an escape from, or rival to, the perceived conservatism of much mainstream fiction...So the contemporary essay is often to be seen engaged in acts of apparent anti-novelization: in place of plot, there is drift or the fracture of numbered paragraphs; in place of a frozen verisimilitude, there may be a sly and knowing movement between reality and fictionality; in place of the impersonal author of standard-issue third-person realism, the authorial self pops in and out of the picture, with a liberty hard to pull off in fiction.(James Wood, Reality Effec ts. The New Yorker, Dec. 19 26, 2011) The Lighter Side of Essays: The Breakfast Club Essay AssignmentAll right people, were going to try something a little different today. We are going to write an essay of not less than a thousand words describing to me who you think you are. And when I say essay, I mean essay, not one word repeated a thousand times. Is that clear, Mr. Bender?(Paul Gleason as Mr. Vernon)Saturday, March 24, 1984Shermer High SchoolShermer, Illinois 60062Dear Mr. Vernon,We accept the fact that we had to sacrifice a whole Saturday in detention for whatever it was we did wrong. What we did was wrong. But we think youre crazy to make us write this essay telling you who we think we are. What do you care? You see us as you want to see us - in the simplest terms, in the most convenient definitions. You see us as a brain, an athlete, a basket case, a princess and a criminal. Correct? Thats the way we saw each other at seven oclock this morning. We were brainwashed...But what we found out is that each one of us i s a brain and an athlete and a basket case, a princess, and a criminal. Does that answer your question?Sincerely yours,The Breakfast Club(Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson, The Breakfast Club, 1985)

Frederick Wiseman and Michael Moore Research Paper

Frederick Wiseman and Michael Moore - Research Paper Example Michael Moore and Frederick Wiseman have been among the leading proponents of this genre, making their documentaries more commercially viable and theatrical-minded. Recent data from the British Film Institute indicates that documentaries released in the UK have increased in number every year in the past two decades. While only four documentaries were released in 2001, ninety documentaries were released in 2012. Since Michael Moore won the Cannes Palme d’or for Fahrenheit 9/11 in 2004, filmmakers arose to the fact that the documentary was commercially viable. This has been attributed to the dearth of realism that pushed a section of the audience towards authentic storytelling, whereas moving away from fictional plots and spectacular visuals. The ability for documentaries to fill the gaps left by investigative journalism, which is another reason for the interest in documentaries, has been embraced by Michael Moore and Frederick Wiseman in telling the story from their point of vi ew. ... This allowed the filmmaker to move away from voice-over narrations and embrace lived experience observation. This recording of the moment and its primacy changed documentary construction (Taylor 1). In his commitment as an observational filmmaker to represent real time, Wiseman presents scenes that show time as lived sans the straightforward nature of voice-overs. Wiseman turned to the Silent Ear’s continuity tradition, building a story that possesses a strong arch while also building scenes with resolution and continuity that push this story arc forward (Films 1). He uses the cutaway in High School to maintain progression of a logical dialogue between Michael and Dr. Allen when Michael refuses to accept the punishment handed to him. Using cutaway to Allen’s ring, Wiseman is able to condense a portion of this conversation. The condensing technique also happens between a couple of edits where Michael is seen standing before he is seen standing, almost inexplicably. While it is possible to see that Michael has changed his position by doing a camera analysis, the same cannot be deciphered from the conversation, as Wiseman is able to assure continuity. Wiseman links two separate moments for dramatic action and time, as well as to convey what he had understood from the different scenes (Films 1). Similarly, Wiseman uses the same technique in Domestic Violence in order to condense conversation and time. In this case, cutaway works to trim stories and shape them while also maintaining the meaning and impact that the filmmaker intended to convey (McGavin 1). He also uses this technique in order to surprise the audience. In Domestic Violence, particularly in the second half, he allows more time for story development with the camera focused in

American Women suffrage movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Women suffrage movement - Essay Example But this paper is not about the British suffrage action, that was merely meant as a reference point. This paper will instead concentrate on the trials and tribulations that the pioneering feminist movement women of the United States of America had to endure in order to allow the average 21st century woman the power of equality of the sexes and the right to vote. Both are achievements that the modern day woman tend to take for granted and as such, deserve revisiting in order to remind the women of where these freedoms came from and at what cost to the early 20th century woman. The early to middle 20th century saw an era of rapid industrialization in the United States which resulted in more women joining the workforce. Originally, women were not give the right to representation in their place of work and during voting procedures because there was a belief that these women, most of whom were married, would be represented in the vote by their husbands. However, the continuous changes tha t were occurring in the factories, including the abuse of women in terms of labor practice, proved that the male vote could not protect the rights of women (Liazos, 128). This was the original cause that started the Women's Suffragette movement. It is important to note however that there was at the time, a sector of women that did not totally believe in the female cause of the era. It was the belief of the non suffragettes that; ... only one class of women wanted the vote and that the vast majority of women were content as they were. in fact, many immigrant women working for reform in labor did indeed â€Å"[view] women's suffrage irrelevant to basic political change , a mere plaything for the middle-classed, privileged woman. â€Å" They felt that it was not as important as other social, industrial, educational, and moral progress (Liazos 126-127). One of the most notable names in the movement is that of Alice Paul who, raised in the Hicktite beliefs, always thought that equality of the sexes was something that was natural as their religious beliefs advocated that belief. Ms. Paul was born January 11, 1885 in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey to Quaker parents William and Tacie Paul. They were the first people who influenced the young Alice's belief in gender equality and the need to work for the betterment of society. The eldest of 4 siblings, Alice was the one who was most influenced by her mother's early association with the suffragette movement since the meetings for the cause were often held on Paulsdale, the family farm. Paul herself admitted to being exposed to the movement while in attendance at the family farm meetings with her mother. In fact, Alice often refers to her mother's advocacy and role in the movement when asked about why she had such a keen interest in seeing the desires of the movement become a reality, In a Time magazine article she was quoted as having credited â€Å"...her farm upbringing by quoting an adage she learned from her mother, "When you put your hand to the plow, you can't put it down until you get to the end of the row" (Carol, Myers, et. al. 1). Ms. Paul, having been raised within Quaker traditions explained that she had always been raised with a belief in equality of the sexes. It was, in her point of view, simply a normal part of Quaker life. In her best effort to explain the relation of her Quaker upbringing with her belief in the equality of the s

Changing a Partheid, But Not So Fast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Changing a Partheid, But Not So Fast - Essay Example Before summarizing the setting of the play, it is important to note something about the author of this play, and his purpose or message. The man who wrote this play is Athol Fugard. His parents were English and Afrikaner, and he was raised in South Africa, during apartheid, having been born there in 1932. While working as a court clerk in Johannesburg, he came to understand the evils of apartheid, and became an activist, writing plays about apartheid (Vienna Theatre Project 2). He alienated the government, in that way, and they removed his passport and years later they returned it. His award-winning plays spread apartheid awareness internationally, from marginalized theaters in South Africa, to famous theaters in London, and even to New York’s Broadway (Vienna Theatre Project 2). Fugard brings his criticism of the apartheid policies of the South African government to this play. However, through the character of Mr. M, Fugard also brings criticism of the policies of the African National Congress, which resisted the apartheid government (p. 2). That is a strong approach, especially for an activist who is well aware of the evils of apartheid, and has himself suffered under it. Good and evil are not as completely polarized in real life as they are in fairy tales. Mr. M represents the voice of a gray area, between the extremes. Isabel is white and filled with personal hope, raised to believe it is hers by right. Thami is black and cannot afford the luxury of hope without supporting street action for massive and immediate change (p. 3). Mr. M sees hope as a hungry beast that could potentially gobble up all of South Africa’s students (Chastang). He does not want to exercise the initiative to invite change abruptly. He is afraid that the inevitable backlash against activism for abrupt social change will put education further out of reach of his students. Mr. M is also an activist, because he is engaged in the visionary social action of education, but he i s older and more old-fashioned, and so he likes the relative safety of moving more slowly. He does not want to escalate risk, because education is critical to the future of the students. Mr. M is not fearful of insubstantial shadows, but of very real events and trends. The history of South Africa has not been peaceful. The Dutch killed and controlled the Xhosa. The British seized control of the area and the Afrikaner (Dutch descendants) moved their location to escape the British. Both the British and the Afrikaners defeated the Zulus. Then, war came between the British and the Afrikaners, and the British won. They later united to keep non-whites restricted (Vienna Theatre Project 4). The Afrikaner National Party came to power in 1948 and apartheid was firmly and miserably entrenched. The African National Congress was the Black answer to apartheid. It was backed by Communists (Vienna Theatre Project 4). In 1976, 15,000-20,000 Soweto students marched in protest of apartheid, intending to sing a song affirming solidarity and then go home. Unfortunately, the police over-reacted, released police dogs to attack the students and used tear gas. Students responded by throwing stones and bottles. The police started shooting students, without warning, Students reacted by setting fire to government property and the property of White businesses. The government called in massive reinforcements. Army helicopters dropped tear gas on the crowd. Entry and exit to and from

Celtic Christian Art Origins and Development

Celtic Christian Art Origins and Development How Celtic was Celtic Christian Art? The art of the Early Christian Period has been regarded as an Irish phenomenon representing the survival in Ireland of La Tene artistic traditions. (Laing, 1975, 339) It has gained considerable attention due to its wealth of ornamental metalwork, illuminated manuscripts and stone structure. However there is still the debate How Celtic is Celtic Christian Art? The term must first be analysed in order to understand the characteristics of Celtic Christian Art. The high point of this Insular art of the early Christian era was the creation of a series of illuminated Christian manuscripts, notably the Book of Durrow (c.650) and the Book of Kells (c.800), as well as such metalwork masterpieces as the Ardagh Chalice, the Derrynaflan Chalice, the unusual Moylough Belt Shrine, famous processional crosses like the Tully Lough Cross and the Cross of Cong, and the secular Tara Brooch. Within this essay I will attempt to summarise the origin and development of Celtic art in Great Britain and Ireland. As a result, this would assist my analysis on the significant influence Christianity had on Celtic art. A breakdown on examining Celtic art, is to begin defining the term. The term Celtic Art is defined by the people who spoke the Celtic language and embraced their traditions. Thus explains the characteristic decorative motives, for instance the divergent spiral were of foreign origin. However, one must understand that the conversion of the inhabitants of Britain from Paganism to Christianity was a gradual process, extending over a period of several hundred years. Therefore the evidence for the existence of Romano-British Christianity is scarce. Out of the several hundreds of inscribed and sculptured monuments belonging to the period of the Roman occupation of Britain there are hardly any which bear Christian symbols or show traces of Christian art.(Allen, 2001, 162) Moreover another misinterpretation about the term was that many believed the term came from art found in a church or a specific object. The term usually means art which embraces the character of Christianity. A number of problems must also be considered such as assessing beyond the religious aspect of the Celtic Christian tradition, creates a challenge as distorts the image of the range of material which may once have existed. Robert Lloyd Laing supports this view as he suggests that the Early Christian Art is a complex amalgam of artistic traditions which became blended together in the fifth to seventh centuries.(Laing, 1997, 339) Another issue of reliability of using other sources (for instance the La Tene Art), to assess the Christian Celtic Art, as it creates some imperative variations. Whilst La Tene art is undoubtedly of the same genus as that of the early Christian Celts, the variety in vogue after the fourth century AD was markedly different.(Laing, 1987, 5) These difficulties must therefore be interpreted by using the Celtics traditions and its influences from outside elements. This would allow a descriptive analysis of the origin and changes within Celtic Christian Art. Ireland was one of the very few countries that were never colonized by Rome. Unlike Britain and Continental Europe Irish Celtic art was neither influenced by Greek or Roman art. Between the end of the Iron Age and the gradual emergence of Christianity in Ireland a prominent feature within the Irish culture was its unbroken tradition of Celtic culture influenced only marginally by Roman art. Furthermore, Christianity gained more attention with the arrival of St. Patrick in the 5th century CE. This along with the significant introduction of the renaissance of Hiberno- Saxon style or Insular art which was caused by the mission of Aidan of Iona in the 630s to the ancient kingdom of Northumbria, were was especially important in the later development of insular Celtic art and changed the Celtic Christian art. The spread of Christianity throughout Ireland introduced the Irish monastic art. Archaeological evidence such as the monasteries became the principal artistic centres which aid archaeologists, to understand the origin and development of Celtic Christian art. Thus emphasises the impact of Christianity on Irish art and should not be underestimated. A renaissance in the arts was created due to the close connection of the network of monasteries throughout Ireland, Britain (especially Northumbria) and parts of Europe. All these monasteries combined acted as centres of learnin g and artistic craftsmanship as well as places of religious devotion. Thus resulted to the illumination of manuscripts and the enhancement of Celtic designs taken from jewellery and metalwork produced for the Irish secular elite, but most insular art came about because of the patronage and direction of the Catholic Church. Christian Celtic art can generally be summarised by looking at stone crosses, illuminated manuscripts, and metal objects such as chalices, shrines and reliquaries. The art of this period utilized traditional Celtic curvilinear designs enriched with foreign influenced brought back to Ireland by returning missionaries-motifs such as the Saxon use of entangled, interlocking animal forms in geometric decorations. The art of the Anglo-Saxons came into contact due to the Irish missionaries. They practised the traditional colourful animal style in metalwork which became a significant aspect within Celtic art as they associated the animals to individual gods and myths. This is supported by Paul Jacobsthal who analysed that The Scythian animal style expresses a Eurasiatic beast-mythology, a totemism which was all its own. (1935, 113) This shows a subtle influence Christianity had on Celtic Art as the people of the time are beginning to assess animals with religion. However there are limitations with using the animal designs for understanding the changes within Celtic art. Allen suggests that Animal forms are comparatively rare in Late-Celtic art, as they are not interlaced, so that it is almost useless to seek for the original inspiring idea in this direction. (2001, 250) Nevertheless we could still establish a connection with the La Tene compositions and the animal ornaments. For instance from Donore a disc was found; it demonstrated an elaborate composition of trumpet scrolls in tinned bronze, placed against a richly textured background. The sophistication of this striking pattern may be compared to the great Chi-Rho page of the Gospel book, the Book of Kells, which was preserved at the nearby monastery of Kells, Co. http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/irish-images/kells-chi-rho-page.jpgMeath for many centuries. The Early Christian Mediterranean artistic traditions would be similarly seen amongst the Frank and Lombards in which these missionaries would have travelled. In addition this connection would have produced a shared manuscript for illuminators, metalworkers and later, monumental sculptors which enabled the basic houses to foster a new art form in northern Britain and Ireland. The most notable artefacts of Christian Celtic Art were dominated by ornaments such as trumpet scrolls, fine spirals often designed to be seen as a reserved line of metal in a field of red enamel. This pattern is best exemplified on the escutcheens of a series of vessels called hanging bowls. These bowls are most likely to be found in Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in eastern and southern England. In addition these bowls have a distinct decoration which is more likely to be Celtic in character. Allen suggests that The closest resemblance between the spiral decoration of the Pagan period and that of the Christian period is to be found on the discoidal ornaments with patterns in champlevà © enamel, forming the attachments of the handles of certain bronze bowls, several examples of which have been discovered from time to time in different parts of England.(2001, 243) the distinctive Celtic character is often argued, for instance some archaeologist believe that it represented booty taken by the conquerors from the Celtic lands and others believe it was uniquely religious. Another important artefact of the time was the Book of Durrow. It is another illuminated manuscript of the Insular style. There are unique textual peculiarities which create a similarity with the Book of Kells. It was seen as one of the most outstanding early manuscripts in the history of Irish art. The illuminated text includes the four Gospels of the New Testament, along with the six surviving carpet pages (which were believed to have been devoted for decoration). It is furthermore suggested that it was linked with the earlier patterns of Celtic metalwork. Unusual symbols are assigned to the gospels which do not follow tradition: a man for Matthew, but an eagle for Mark (instead of the traditional lion), a calf for Luke, but a lion for John (instead of the traditional eagle). These symbols along with the cross which unites them amplify harmony if the Gospels and the argument that early Christian art had influences from the Celtic tradition. This is furthermore supported by the interlace pattern-work, spirals, zoomorphic triskeles, and knots, which were all derived from Celtic art. OSullivan agrees with this argument as they suggested that In Durrow it is followed by a page of abstract design based on Celtic ornament, the first of five so-called carpet-pages, one of which originally faced the opening of each gospel. (2005, 526) In the late 7th to early 8th century, Irish missions in Europe produced the most impressive Celtic Christian art in Europe. This is shown in the illuminated manuscripts of the Bible, which were embellished with decorative borders and astounding intricate, inventive lettering. The complexity of the twining geometric designs dominated previous art, the rare representations of human faces and figures were abnormally stylized. Another book which was considered just as important as the Bible and was seen as a masterpiece of its time was the Book of Kells. The Book of Kells shares the monumentality of its conception with some of the later Pictish cross-slabs, decorated with a wealth of biblical and secular scenes (Laing, 1979, 168) This book was deemed as the most famous, finest group of manuscripts of the 6th through to early 9th centuries, in the monasteries of Ireland, Scotland and England. The book had many similar features to the bible, it included the iconographic and stylistic traditions and the decorated letters, which were usually found in incipit pages for the Gospels. Large stone crosses were also seen as a significant aspect in evaluating how Celitc Celtic Christian art was during its time. During the later eighth and ninth centuries the form of the ringed High Crosses came of great importance. Many of the crosses are devoted to Christian scriptural themes but one early group, probably mostly ninth century in date, is dominated by abstract interlace ornament, the La Tene animal interlace, and key- and fret-patterns. Pure ornament plays a major part also on the crosses with figured scenes and frequently occurs in the form of bossed fleshy scrolls. These sculptural works reached their high point during the early tenth century, as evidenced by Muiredachs Cross at Monasterboice, County Louth, and the Ahenny High Cross in Tipperary. The free-standing crosses, in which the outline of the stone corresponds with the outline of the cross, are the most highly developed type of Celtic sculptured monument of the Christian period, and are therefore presumably the latest, with the exception of those of the decadent period just before and after the Norman Conquest.(Allen, 2001, 188) These crosses were vital in understanding the Celtic Christian art, they were carved with interlacing relief decorations such as ceremonial religious objects, which ornamented with gold filigree and coloured enamel stud. An example of this type of cross would be the Ardagh Chalice. The Ardagh Chalice largely conceals its Christian symbolism, but it carries two medallions on its bowl that contain prominent crosses of arcs.(Duffy, MacShamhrian, Moynes, 2005, 141) This highly sophisticated design is considered one of the finest works of Insular art. Stokes suggested that The Tara brooch and the Ardagh chalice offer the most perfect examples of the use of this peculiar spiral that have been found in the metal-work of Irish Christian Art;(2004, 63) The Ardagh Chalice itself is made from a silver-bronze alloy and its main features include delicate gold filigree work, ornate handles and the use of semi-precious and coloured stones and enamels. The overall impression is that of a master craftsman at work and probably dates from the eight century. Another significant chalice was the Derrynaflan Chalice which was considered to be one of the most outstanding religious artworks in the history of Irish art. It was made in the eigth and ninth century by Irish metallurgists. These were highly skilled craftsmen who had superlative artistic skills during the Insular Art period (c.650-1000) in the ultimate La Tene style. Duffy, MacShamhrain and Moynes analysed that the Derrynaflan Chalice is less colourful than the Ardagh Chalice however its filigree is of great interest because it shows elements of common Christian iconography griffons, birds, beast, and quadrupeds, probably lions that are widespread in early medieval European sculpture and metalwork as part of the Tree of Life and related motifs. (2005, 141) Brooches are also very useful in examining How Celtic is Celtic Art? In Ireland, the Celtic brooches were a perfect example of the type of jewellery the high-status people used to wear. Many of the brooches features include symbols that have come to epitomize the Celtic culture; examples such as Claddagh, the Brigids cross, the Celtic hound and the classic example of Celtic interlace are typical patterns for Celtic art. The most popular Celtic brooch is the Tara brooch design. The Tara brooch design and the Hunterston brooch are considered to be two of the most important evidences in Celtic Christian art. Hourihane suggests that It has long been recognized that while both brooches show elements from the native Celtic La Tene repertoire, their design also reflects outside influences and incorporates many foreign elements.(2001, 211) The Tara brooch is a classic example of an artefact from early Christian-era Ireland. It dates around 700AD and features an embellished circle with a long, straight pin. It is a representation of the Celitc peoples brilliant craftsmanship. The Hunterston brooch is one of the earliest examples of decorative brooches from Britain and Ireland. Solid silver with gold and silver filigree and amber studs compose the head and pin of the brooch. The style of the brooch derives from the Pictish tradition in its presentation of zoomorphic creatures.Brooches can be found on monument al sculpture of the Mullaghmast stone, in which they appeared to be used for carrying variants of the early hanging bowl style. Moreover during the period of 800-100AD, silver became exceedingly popular with the Irish and Anglo-Saxon metallurgists, thus led to the creation of well-noted brooches. In conclusion Celtic Christian art was very Celtic as just like all art, it was inspired by religion. The Celts paganism was different to that of the Greeks and Romans as it was supported by the authority of druids, who were the guardians of writing, teaching, culture and most importantly religion. Their polytheistic ideas manifested themselves through animals, various monsters and collective goddesses, (Gods and demigods were usually depicted on coins). Thus, this explains the popular use of zoo morphology in their art. In addition to understand Celtic art we must analyse the unity between the materials and techniques the people of the time used. For instance Celtic art consists of hard or hardened objects such as metal, stone, wood, leather, glass and clay. There is no painting (except on pottery), no wax, no wickerwork and virtually no weaving. Iron engraving and abstract sculpture in bronze both derive from the Ancient Celts who combined the techniques of engraving and sculpting most effectively. Their strong point was the creation of tiny sculptures, particularly for the embossed engraving of coinage. Another form of unity was their common use of animals. Frequent subjects such as the quadrupeds, birds, fish and reptiles are often represented, along with the merge of plant designs which lend themselves into transformations. The Celts favoured using animals and plants than those depicted humans, thus makes it simple for an archaeologist to identify Celtic Christian art. The very human representations which were found are usually a form of an imaginary being for instance a monster, as though everything in the world were metaphysically linked. The treatment of these subjects is a source of bafflement for, in each case, the Celts present us with riddles. In conclusion, to answer the question How Celtic is Celtic Christian Art? an archaeologist must look at the common traditional themes which continued through to the Early Christian art. The complex, twining geometric designs predominated; the rare representations of human faces and figures were abstract and stylized, would assist us in judging how Celtic, Celtic Christian Art was at the time. Bibliography Allen J. 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L., 1997, Later Celtic Art in Britain and Ireland, Shire Publications Ltd, Cromwell House Church Street Princes Risborough Buckinghamshire HP27 9AA UK OSullivan, 2005, Manuscripts and Palaeography in A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland, Oxford University Press, New York Stokes M., 2004, Early Christian Art in Ireland, Kessinger Publishing,